A “how to recognise your enemy” handbook, published shortly after the combined German and Italian offensive throughout the entire Mediterranean area during the spring and summer of 1941. In the Balkans, the Italian army conquered coastal Yugoslavia and,together with the Germans, finally defeated the Greek Army. Later the combined German and Italian force offensives and counteroffensives culminated with the Axis victory of Gazala and Tobruk. By 1942, the Germans and Italians were driving towards Alexandria in Egypt.